1923 War Greece Turkey ; Bookplate William Bullitt US Ambassador to Soviet Union

Description: The Western QuestionIn Greece and TurkeyA Study in the Contact of Civilizations By Arnold J. ToynbeeSecond Edition Published by Constable And Company LTD.London - Bombay - Sydney1923Printed in Great Britain ( Edinburgh ) Hardcover.Blow cloth binding.Deckle page edges.6" x 9"(35) + 408 pages + Folding Maps.Indexed at the rear. Over 100 years old. This book was originally owned by William C. Bullitt , with his bookplate on the front free endpaper.William Christian Bullitt Jr. (1891-1967) was an American diplomat, journalist, and novelist. He is known for his special mission to negotiate with Vladimir Lenin on behalf of the Paris Peace Conference. He was the first United States ambassador to the Soviet Union and was the U.S. ambassador to France during World War II.( see further biographical information below ) ------- Good Condition.Some general binding wear.Bumped corners.( see the photos )Endpaper foxing and some foxing on the titlepage, but almost no foxing elsewhere.The pages and folding maps are in very good condition.As noted above, this book was originally owned by U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, William C. Bullitt, and has his private plate on the front free endpaper. ------- The Western Question In Greece and TurkeyA Study in the Contact of Civilizations The author, Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975), was an English historian, a philosopher of history , an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs; from 1929 to 1956 he was the Director of Studies at Chatham House, in which position he also produced 34 volumes of the Survey of International Affairs, a " bible " for international specialists in Britain.He is best known for his 12-volume work, A Study of History (1934–1961). With his prodigious output of papers, articles, speeches and presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was a widely read and discussed scholar in the 1940s and 1950s. This book concerns the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between May 15, 1919 and October 14, 1922. The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. Greek claims stemmed from the fact that Anatolia had been part of Ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire before the Turks conquered the area in the 12th–15th centuries. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna ( now Izmir ), on May 15, 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa, and Eskisehir. Their advance was checked by Turkish forces at the Battle of the Sakarya in 1921. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by Turkish forces and the great fire of Smyrna.As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish National Movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving Eastern Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. -------- The Contents : PrefaceNote on Spelling I. The Shadow of the West II. Western Diplomacy III. Greece and Turkey in the Vicious Circle IV. The Background in AnatoliaTwo Ruined Cities V. Greek and Turkish GovernmentA Journey through the Mountains An Agricultural ExperimentGreek Prisons at Smyrna The Turkish National Pact VI. The Military StalemateThe Battle of In OnuThe Origin of a Legend VII. The War of ExterminationYalovaThe Area of the Organised Atrocities VIII. New Facts and Old Views Table of DatesAdditional NotesIndex Maps1. The Theatre of War in Western Anatolia2. The Danger Line of Omer Bey3. The Author's Journey in 1921 ( Greece , Athens , Turkey , Constantinople , Yalova , Ismid , etc. ) ------- Biographical information : William C. BullittUnited States diplomat and the first U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union. Born on January 25, 1891, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States , to a prominent family of French descent ( their family name " Boulet " was later angelized to Bullitt ).Bullitt's upbringing was cosmopolitan and he learned French and German at a very young age. As a boy, Bullitt spent every summer on a grand tour of Europe. Despite his upbringing, he always saw himself as an American first. Bullitt was staying in Paris during the Spanish-American War. During the war, he hung an American flag on the window of his room of his parents' Paris house to show his support for his country. Young William wanted to attack the Spanish embassy in Paris, which his parents forbade, saying that as a seven year old, he was too young to take part in the war.As a child, he was considered a rebellious and rambunctious youth who tended to associate with the " bad boys " as his parents called the boys from poor families. Bullitt graduated from Yale University in 1912, after having been voted "most brilliant" in his class.After graduating from Yale, he enrolled at Harvard Law School , however when Bullitt's father died in March 1914, he immediately dropped out of Harvard. In 1914, Bullitt visited Russia with his mother. He was in Moscow on July 28 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.Bullitt took the last train from Moscow to Berlin and left Russia just before Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. Upon his return to America, Bullitt worked as a journalist for the Philadelphia Ledger, and become the deputy editor of the paper in 1915.In December 1915, in a publicity stunt, Henry Ford chartered an ocean liner, the Oscar II, which he called the "Peace Ship" and sailed to Europe with the intention of mediating an end to the war.[26] Bullitt was one of the journalists abroad the Oscar II and he filed mocking reports from the ship about the resulting media circus , stressing the absurdity of Ford's voyage. These reports were published in various American newspapers. He married socialite Aimee Ernesta Drinker (1892-1981) in 1916.The couple took their honeymoon in May 1916 in Germany, Austria-Hungary and German-occupied Belgium. Bullitt interviewed various German and Austrian leaders for the Ledger. Bullitt was especially impressed with the German health care system, under which the German state provided free medical care for all, and came to wish that his country adopt a similar system. In September 1916, Bullitt took a guided tour of the Eastern Front, where he wrote admiringly of the German Army.Bullitt interviewed the industrialist Walther Rathenau who told him that Germany might give Constantinople to Russia as compensation for German annexations of other parts of the Russian empire. When Bullitt objected that the Ottomans would be opposed to the loss of their capital, Rathenau cynically replied, "We would only have to publish full accounts of the Armenian massacres , and German public opinion would be so incensed that we could drop the Turks as allies." Over time Bullitt came to dislike the censorship and the overbearing behavior of the German officials. His wife Ernesta wrote in her diary: "Billy says the Germans are the most moral people in the world when it comes to dealing with Germans and the most immoral in their dealings with the rest of the world." On September 17, 1916, Bullitt interviewed the German Foreign Secretary, Gottlieb von Jagow, in Berlin and caught him in a lie.The interview made front-page news around the world.On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. In 1919 Bullitt worked for President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference. The same year he was sent by President Woodrow Wilson to Moscow , Russia , to meet Vladimir Lenin and investigate the stability of the Bolshevik government. He returned with a recommendation that the U.S. recognize the Soviet Union. Wilson’s rejection of that proposal disaffected Bullitt; he resigned and in subsequent testimony before the U.S. Senate argued strenuously against ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Bullitt left his job at the Department of State and became managing editor of film stories at Paramount Pictures.Bullitt made a dramatic appearance before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1919, where he denounced Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles. He became a a pariah within the Democratic Party.In 1921, Bullitt's wife, Ernesta, left him. Later that year he met Louise Bryant and accompanied her the next year in her journalistic travels in Europe.( Louise Bryant [1885-1936] was an American feminist, political activist, and journalist best known for her sympathetic coverage of Russia and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution of November 1917 ). In early 1923, Bullitt and Bryant moved to Istanbul and settled in a historical villa overlooking the Bosporus. Bryant covered the Turkish War of Independence for the International News Service and Bullitt worked on a novel.Bullitt adopted a boy who had lost his father in the Balkan Wars and took him to the US. In February 1924, Bryant gave birth to a daughter, Anne, whose father was Bullitt. Shortly afterwards, Bullitt and Bryant were secretly married in Istanbul with the marriage only being revealed to the world in July 1924 when the couple settled in Paris. Both Bullitt and Bryant were leading members of the self-exiled "Lost Generation" American expatriates in Paris in the 1920s and socialized with other intellectuals of the "lost generation" such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald , though Hemingway considered Bullitt to be rather pompous and conceited. In 1926, Bullitt published "It's Not Done ," a satirical novel that lampooned the dying aristocracy of Chesterbridge ( Philadelphia ) and its life revolving around Rittenhouse Square." It's Not Done " was a bestseller when it was published in 1926 owing to its risque content. It portrayed the United States as being ruled by a secret oligarchy of wealthy families who manipulated the politicians to serve their interests. Bullitt was psychoanalyzed by Sigmund Freud in Vienna in 1926.The patient and the analyst became such good friends.Greatly influenced by Freud's theories, Bullitt wrote a novel, The Divine Wisdom, that was considered highly scandalous at the time due to its frank description of sexuality and an incestuous affair between the two main characters. Bullitt and Bryant divorced in 1930. In May–June 1932, Bullitt made a lengthy visit to the Soviet Union, where he met the Soviet Foreign Commissar, Maxim Litvinov.Upon his return to America, Bullitt served as a foreign policy adviser for Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was then governor of New York ( FDR became the Democratic candidate for presidency that year ). The powers behind-the-scenes had decided that Bullitt was one of the few Democrats with sufficient knowledge of foreign affairs to advise Roosevelt, whose background as governor of New York was felt by House to make him ill-informed about foreign policy.Bullitt donated a large sum of money to the Roosevelt campaign and on September 23, 1932 received a handwritten thank you letter from Roosevelt. Bullitt first met Roosevelt on October 5, 1932, and quickly become one of his close friends. In November 1932, Roosevelt was elected president and in January 1933, he sent Bullitt on a tour of Europe to contact various European leaders on behalf of the president-elect.Bullitt was primarily concerned about the problem of European debts to the United States as he met with European leaders. While he was in Berlin, Bullitt met up with his old friend Ernst "Putzi" Hanfstaengl to get his opinion on Adolf Hitler , who just been appointed German chancellor on January 30, 1933.Hanfstaengl responded, "He ( Hitler ) is a small, obscure Austrian house painter with the ability to speak to crowds." During his mission, Bullitt wore disguises and rented apartments under false names to confuse reporters.When Bullitt arrived in New York on February 16, 1933, he told a reporter from the New York Times that it was "sheer nonsense" that he been representing Roosevelt while in Europe.Bullitt was nearly prosecuted for violating the Logan Act for his European trip ; he went uncharged due to insufficient evidence. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Bullitt the first U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, a post that he held from 1933 to 1936.Bullitt's view of the Soviet Union soured during his time as ambassador.He remarked:" There is no weapon at once so disarming and effective in relations with the communists as sheer honesty. They know very little about it."On July 19, 1935, Bullitt reported to the secretary of state, Cordell Hull, his belief that: "the aim of the Soviet government is, and will remain, to produce world revolution ." Bullitt was posted to France in October 1936 as ambassador.Alongside Joseph Kennedy - who was appointed the American ambassador in London in 1937 - Bullitt was intended to serve as Roosevelt's "eyes and ears" in Europe.Both Kennedy and Bullitt were active Democrats who had used their great wealth to donate generously to Democratic candidates and both were close friends of the president, who distrusted the professional diplomats of the State Department.Fluent in French and an ardent francophile, Bullitt became established in Paris society. By the summer of 1938, Bullitt predicated that there was a 50% chance that war would break out in Europe that year.In 1939, Bullitt, very supportive of France, suffered from extreme stress as he sought to find a way to avoid another world war.In April 1939, Bullitt advised Roosevelt that the president should denounce Hitler for violating the Munich Agreement.Bullitt reported to Roosevelt that Stalin was not to be trusted. On August 21, 1939, Bullitt was shown a secret report that Germany had started mobilizing and was concentrating Wehrmacht forces on the border with Poland. The Reich would be ready to "break loose" within days.On August 22, 1939, Bullitt phoned Roosevelt to say if there was anything he could "do to avert war, no time should be lost". Bullitt told Roosevelt that Poland would be swiftly defeated , and that the introduction of peacetime conscription in Britain had come too late - it would take Britain at least two years to develop a "serious army" capable of facing the Wehrmacht. Bullitt stated that if Germany invaded, Hitler would quickly conquer Poland as the prelude to turning west. On the morning of September 1, 1939, William C. Bullitt was the first person to inform President Roosevelt that war had broken out in Europe. Bullitt continued as ambassador to France until the fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940.He fell out with Roosevelt at this time over events leading up to the German invasion. Though they never reconciled, Roosevelt did receive Bullitt at the Roosevelt family home of Hyde Park upon his return to the United States.Roosevelt appointed a new American ambassador to France. On August 13, 1940, Bullitt gave a speech before 4,000 people in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, where he urged Americans to "wake up" as he warned that Nazi Germany was intent upon the conquest of the world.Bullitt stated the French had felt secure until it was too late. He warned that Germany was quite capable of projecting its power into the New World.Bullitt ended his speech on a stark note - he stated that the Reich had the ability, means, the will and the desire to conquer the United States as he warned that the Atlantic Ocean was not an impassable barrier for Germany. Later in 1940 Bullitt sought the position of undersecretary at the State Department, and sought to exploit a potentially scandalous situation in the department to gain the position. Roosevelt wasn't pleased, and suggested to that Bullitt should be appointed ambassador to Liberia, one of the worst postings in the Foreign Service.When Roosevelt was again asked to give Bullitt a major diplomatic post, Roosevelt said that Bullitt could serve as the minister-plenipotentiary to Saudi Arabia , as he had heard that life in Riyadh was extremely unpleasant for Westerners.Bullitt declined the offer. Further, much to his annoyance, Bullitt was denied a commission in the US Armed Forces by Roosevelt.In 1944 Bullitt joined the Free French Forces instead. Bullitt wrote to Charles de Gaulle in Algiers offering his services and on May 25, 1944, received a positive response from De Gaulle. Paris was liberated on August 25, 1944. Bullitt unlocked the American embassy in Paris and was cheered by a large crowd of Parisians who mistook him for Dwight Eisenhower. Between 1941 and 1945, Bullitt wrote volumes of stories and social commentary on the dangers of fascism and communism. In the postwar years, he became a militant anticommunist.In his 1946 book " The Great Globe Itself ," Bullitt was extremely critical of Roosevelt's policies towards the Soviet Union , which characterized as appeasement of Stalin. When Bullitt sought a post with the new Democratic president Harry S. Truman, he was refused. In 1947, Bullitt was hired for a large sum to work as the "special correspondent" of Life magazine on China. Bullitt was sent on a tour of China to report on the deteriorating conditions between China and the USSR. Bullitt reported that "if China falls into the hands of Stalin, all of Asia including Japan will sooner or later fall into his hands". He proposed an immediate attack on Communist China and asserted that the United States should "reply to the next Communist aggression by dropping bombs on the Soviet Union." In 1948, Bullitt left the Democratic Party and joined the Republican party.In 1952, Bullitt appeared with Senator Richard Nixon at Georgetown University to criticize the foreign policy of the Truman administration, especially in Asia, as "soft on communism". Bullitt died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, on February 15, 1967, and is buried in Woodlands Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Price: 250 USD

Location: Coventry, Rhode Island

End Time: 2024-07-26T11:52:02.000Z

Shipping Cost: 6.88 USD